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In the cock pit the pilots us a diluter-demand system. The diluter-demand regulator gets its name from the fact that it delivers oxygen to the user's lungs in response to the suction of his own breath. To prolong the duration of the oxygen supply, the oxygen is automatically diluted in the regulator with suitable amounts of atmospheric air. This dilution takes place at all altitudes below 34,000 ft.

The essential feature of a diluter-demand regulator is a diaphragm- operated valve called the demand valve which opens by slight suction on the diaphragm during inhalation and which closes during exhalation. A reducing valve upstream from the demand valve provides a controlled working pressure. Downstream from the demand valve is the diluter control closing mechanism. This consists of an aneroid assembly (a sealed, evacuated bellows) which controls the air inlet valve. When the diluter lever is set in the position marked "normal oxygen," atmospheric air at ground level is supplied with very little oxygen added. As altitude increases, the air inlet is gradually closed by the bellows to give a higher concentration of oxygen until at about 34,000 ft. the air inlet is completely closed and 100% oxygen is supplied. As altitude decreases, this process is reversed.

The diluter controls can be set by turning the lever to give 100% oxygen at any altitude. At moderate altitudes, however, this causes the oxygen supply to be consumed much more rapidly than normal. The diluter control should be set at "normal oxygen" for all routine operations. It can be set at "100 percent oxygen" for the following purposes: (1) Protection against exhaust gases or other poisonous or harmful gases in the aircraft, (2) to avoid the bends and chokes, and (3) to correct a feeling of lack of oxygen.

The diluter-demand regulator is provided with an emergency valve, operated by a red knob on the front of the regulator. Opening this valve directs a steady stream of pure oxygen to the mask, regardless of altitude.

Continuous-flow regulators of the hand-adjustable and the automatic type are installed for the crew and passenger oxygen supply respectively.

The hand-adjustable, continuous-flow regulator delivers to the user's mask a continuous stream of oxygen at a rate that can be controlled. The system usually contains a pressure gage, a flow indicator, and a manual control knob for adjusting the oxygen flow. The pressure gage indicates the p.s.i. of oxygen in the cylinder. The flow indicator is calibrated in terms of altitude. The manual control knob adjusts the oxygen flow. The user adjusts the manual control knob until the altitude of the flow indicator corresponds to the cabin altimeter reading.

The automatic continuous-flow regulator is used in transport aircraft to supply oxygen automatically to each passenger when cabin pressure is equivalent to an altitude of approximately 15,000 ft. Operation of the system is initiated automatically by means of an electrically actuated device. The system can also be actuated electrically or manually should the automatic regulator malfunction.

Upon actuation, oxygen flows from the supply cylinders to the service units. A typical passenger service unit during the first few seconds of oxygen flow, a pressure surge of 50 to 100 p.s.i. causes the oxygen mask box doors to open.

Each mask assembly then falls out and is suspended by the actuating attachment on the flexible tubing. The action of pulling the mask down to a usable position withdraws the outlet valve actuation pin, opening the rotary valve, allowing oxygen to flow to the mask.

In most passenger cabin they will use oxygen generators in the overhead, which are changed out by date and are automatic if the aircraft loses cabin pressure.

There are numerous types of oxygen masks in use which vary widely in design detail. It would be impractical to discuss all of the types. It is important that the masks used be compatible with the particular oxygen system involved. In general, crew masks are fitted to the user's face with a minimum of leakage. Crew masks usually contain a microphone. Most masks are the oronasal type, which covers only the mouth and nose.

Large transport aircraft are usually fitted with smoke masks for each crew position. The smoke masks are installed in stowage containers within easy grasp of the individual. These masks provide crew protection in an emergency and are not used frequently like the demand and continuous-flow masks. Smoke mask equipment consists of a full-face mask, a flexible breathing tube, and a coupling. The coupling connects to a demand regulator. A microphone is permanently installed in the mask.

Passenger masks may be simple, cup-shaped rubber moldings sufficiently flexible to obviate individual fitting. They may have a simple elastic head strap or they may be held to the face by the passenger.

Myth needs cleared up!
Aviator breathing oxygen is the same oxygen that is used at your local hospital. The only difference in the O2 is the bottle fittings. At the hospital your doctor will write you a prescription for the O2. All oxygen used for pilots or hospitals comes from the same specked with a different connector to refill the bottles/tanks. The O2 tanks have a different valve installed so you cannot go to the hospital and refill you tanks without a doctor’s prescription.

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